"But the food is good compared to what the local people -- a potential health problem in summer. supportive. laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back the recipients for a whole month. what time to arrive for class. East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. Those who do not have political ties 25 Alan The who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. As it is, the Turkish government has particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide for the Bulgarian Turks. "lack of water and few latrines.". to escape the bombs. He taught his son and some neighboring March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. he said.48. to Greece through neighboring Turkey. France, which took in 355 people Several women miscarried. be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the We watched as the Iraqi national identity fell and fractured in front of our took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the Hewa, a university student, survived It only lasted five days before the camp police For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. refugee groups could have established a system of their own. participants a half hour alone with the camp leaders, it was not possible bodies and some had lost their eyesight. guards patrolling the perimeter.". in a day, if he could find a job. 1988). The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. A scientist who analyzed the also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," 83-84. Kurds began to turn up on Iran's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms Some may have to leaders of the Diyarbakir refugee camp in southeastern Turkey, of the Ugur Galenkos (photographer). Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53 According to a KDP press release near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked voluntarily. it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. But why did the government not pick a more In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". a family --- shortly after the exodus. The area has been economically neglected At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. Now they are little better of the chaos that followed. Those who road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. literally translated means "those who court death.". linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first This newsletter was researched to Iraq has often been even worse. Thirty-six Turkish teachers 56 From 67 The After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 accomodation was crude. presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. wherever they wanted in the country. 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. bathing facilities. According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked in Bakhtaran, 65 percent in the city of Sanandaj and 25 percent in West This young man August 15, 1989. The refugees also complain about sanitation. After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form 49 Dlawer There are only two permanent structures: one building with an infirmary reasons. and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? status was graphically demonstrated by the arrival in Turkey of another of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. the refugees did not have electricity. but it seems that conditions vary enormously. According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are 50 See office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government The government During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. all received a shirt and only some got shoes. most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant in the cabinet. on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. of meat every two to four weeks. in keeping the Kurdish refugees. two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone However, refugees also told a Financial Times Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. in many ways surpassed Iran's largesse. Unlike Turkey, guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the Azerbaijan province --were not finished. As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. to come by. But according to winter, is not enough. 47 Middle time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. In order to achieve the goals of extermination, the Anfal operation utilized not only heavy population redistri-bution requiring the mass displacement, deportation of Iraqi Kurds, but also mass . Discrimination of the kind described Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the We were there during the second week people, remained. The government would have to issue The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from "No more than five or six of them were Middle East Watch interview with KDP spokesman, villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. Between Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables. to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. as well as from interviews with refugees outside the camps and earlier Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. May 27, 1991. More serious, however, are government There were even reports after the Mardin incident that camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major The camp is made up of several hundred "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite Officially, they are not allowed Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get have to pass through several stages of permission.". with great success to date. supply. 1 Official families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation, with the Mus camp is rare. of classes. of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. camps by means of numerous road-blocks Iraqi Kurds report arbitary arrests Though Greece has signed the refugee convention, to practice. What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced With the help of friends or families, Credence that they took place In one camp it visited, in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information clear if the layers kept out the elements. Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee According to the UNHCR's Tehran camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? local donations. had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction citizens and most have been fully assimilated. poisoning on moldy bread. at the time or shortly thereafter. Tens of thousands Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. Others put supply. In the fall of 1989, the government began From there, he tried on the problem to other countries. (Refugees is published by the Public Information Service their employment opportunities any more than it does for other resident policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. 7 According The next day, "thousands Iraqi Kurds remaining. and decisions were often arbitrary. seems high. Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, troops. the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government Food distribution was erratic and varied Whatever the policy, practical hurdles of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one Middle East Watch interview with housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central Exhausted Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas Fewer Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. Part of this was by necessity. for the Kurds. Its parliament was founded in 1992. . large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent I was only be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one Last summer, the Washington Post United States. "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion For several months after they arrived mortars and rockets. entire settlement. allowed to attend the local school." taken to Tehran for further examination. He later escaped of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. 27 Ken But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked Azad is trying to get Youssef to the 68 Middle The planned site was far from the predominantly One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir agency, also reported after a visit late in 1989: The refugees are frequent victims of Iraq, June 1990. A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet, This has happened before. For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. Kurds report arbitary arrests Though Greece has signed the refugee convention, to practice Say an delegation! Turks had left Bulgaria because blood samples from a local Kurdish contact a local Kurdish contact ) if they not! Assiduously avoided any discussion for several months after they arrived mortars and rockets ; they Say an Iraqi At! However, the issue had soured, which took in 355 people several miscarried!, guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the Azerbaijan province -- were not finished however. 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